Database Languages in DBMS

Languages in DBMS

Users may effectively access, manage, and manipulate data with the use of a robust software program called a database management system (DBMS). The core purpose of a DBMS is to allow operations such as insertion, deletion, update, and retrieval of data without requiring users to understand how the data is stored physically.

To serve different users and use cases, DBMSs incorporate specialized languages—collectively known as DBMS languages—that provide robust functionality for database interaction. These languages are designed to define structures, manipulate data, control access, and handle transactions.

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The four main categories of DBMS languages are discussed in this article:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

The structure of database objects is defined and modified by the Data Definition Language (DDL). It makes it possible to create constraints, tables, indexes, and database schemas.

Key DDL Commands:

• CREATE: Builds new database objects like tables or views.
• ALTER: Alters already-existing objects, such adding table columns.
• DROP: Deletes database objects permanently.
• TRUNCATE: Removes all records from a table without logging individual deletions.
• RENAME: Renames a database object.
• COMMENT: Enhances the data dictionary with comments.

Example in SQL:

CREATE TABLE Student (  
  S_ID NUMBER(4),  
  S_Name VARCHAR2(25),  
  Section VARCHAR2(5),  
  Class VARCHAR2(25),  
  DOB DATE,  
  S_number VARCHAR2(25)  
);

This command creates a Student table with the fields defined above.

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Operations on the data held in the database are carried out using Data Manipulation Language (DML).After the structure is set using DDL, DML allows users to insert, modify, delete, and retrieve records.

Key DML Commands:

• SELECT: Pulls information out of one or more tables.
• INSERT: Adds new records.
• UPDATE: Modifies existing records.
• DELETE: Removes specific records.
• MERGE: Combines INSERT and UPDATE in a single operation.
• CALL: Executes stored procedures or functions.
• EXPLAIN PLAN: Evaluates and shows a SQL statement’s execution plan.
• LOCK TABLE: Manages concurrency by locking resources.

Example Dataset:

Types of DML:

• Procedural DML: Describes how data is retrieved (e.g., relational algebra).
• Non-Procedural DML: Describes what data is required (e.g., SQL, Query-by-Example).

3. Data Control Language (DCL)

Data Control Language (DCL) deals with rights, permissions, and other controls over the database. It helps secure the data by granting or revoking access to various users.

Key DCL Commands:

• GRANT: Provides access privileges.
• REVOKE: Withdraws granted permissions.

DCL operations include access to:

• CONNECT
• INSERT
• USAGE
• EXECUTE
• DELETE
• UPDATE
• SELECT

In most systems, DCL commands are transactional, allowing rollback in case of an error (though this may not apply in Oracle DB).

4. Transaction Control Language (TCL)

Transaction Control Language (TCL) manages changes made by DML commands and allows you to group multiple steps into a logical unit of work—called a transaction. A transaction ensures the database remains consistent even in case of failures.

Key TCL Commands:

• COMMIT: Saves changes made during the current transaction.
• ROLLBACK: Reverts the database to the last committed state.
• SAVEPOINT: Sets a point within a transaction for partial rollbacks.
• SET TRANSACTION: Defines properties for the current transaction (read-only or read/write).

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