Object-Oriented Programming

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) with Free code

code Snippets

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts like classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and object interaction. Below are the solutions for each of the given scenarios:

1. Create a Class: Book

Task: Define a class named Book that has attributes like title, author, and pages. Write a method display_info() that prints out the book’s details.

class Book:
    def __init__(self, title, author, pages):
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        self.pages = pages

    def display_info(self):
        print(f"Title: {self.title}")
        print(f"Author: {self.author}")
        print(f"Pages: {self.pages}")

# Example usage:
book1 = Book("The Great Gatsby", "F. Scott Fitzgerald", 180)
book1.display_info()
# Output:
# Title: The Great Gatsby
# Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald
# Pages: 180
Chapter 9: Object-Oriented Programming OOP in Python

2. Bank Account Simulation: BankAccount

Task: Extend the BankAccount class by adding a method transfer() that allows transferring money from one account to another.

class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, account_number, balance=0):
        self.account_number = account_number
        self.balance = balance

    def deposit(self, amount):
        self.balance += amount
        print(f"Deposited: {amount}")

    def withdraw(self, amount):
        if amount <= self.balance:
            self.balance -= amount
            print(f"Withdrawn: {amount}")
        else:
            print("Insufficient funds")

    def transfer(self, amount, other_account):
        if amount <= self.balance:
            self.withdraw(amount)
            other_account.deposit(amount)
            print(f"Transferred: {amount} to Account {other_account.account_number}")
        else:
            print("Insufficient funds for transfer")

# Example usage:
account1 = BankAccount("123456", 500)
account2 = BankAccount("789101", 300)

account1.transfer(200, account2)
# Output:
# Withdrawn: 200
# Deposited: 200
# Transferred: 200 to Account 789101

3. Basic Inheritance: Animal, Dog, Cat

Task: Create a base class Animal with attributes name and species and a method make_sound(). Create two derived classes Dog and Cat that override the make_sound() method with their respective sounds.

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name, species):
        self.name = name
        self.species = species

    def make_sound(self):
        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method")

class Dog(Animal):
    def make_sound(self):
        return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def make_sound(self):
        return "Meow!"

# Example usage:
dog = Dog("Buddy", "Canine")
cat = Cat("Whiskers", "Feline")

print(dog.make_sound())  # Output: Woof!
print(cat.make_sound())  # Output: Meow!

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4. Encapsulation: Student

Task: Define a class Student that has private attributes for name and grade. Provide public methods to get and set the values of these attributes.

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, grade):
        self.__name = name  # Private attribute
        self.__grade = grade  # Private attribute

    def get_name(self):
        return self.__name

    def set_name(self, name):
        self.__name = name

    def get_grade(self):
        return self.__grade

    def set_grade(self, grade):
        self.__grade = grade

# Example usage:
student = Student("Alice", "A")
print(student.get_name())  # Output: Alice
print(student.get_grade())  # Output: A

student.set_name("Bob")
student.set_grade("B")
print(student.get_name())  # Output: Bob
print(student.get_grade())  # Output: B

5. Object Interaction: Library and Book

Task: Create a class Library with methods to add_book() and remove_book() using the Book class. Implement a method list_books() that prints all the books currently in the library.

class Book:
    def __init__(self, title, author, pages):
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        self.pages = pages

    def display_info(self):
        print(f"Title: {self.title}, Author: {self.author}, Pages: {self.pages}")

class Library:
    def __init__(self):
        self.books = []

    def add_book(self, book):
        self.books.append(book)
        print(f"Added book: {book.title}")

    def remove_book(self, title):
        for book in self.books:
            if book.title == title:
                self.books.remove(book)
                print(f"Removed book: {title}")
                return
        print(f"Book not found: {title}")

    def list_books(self):
        if not self.books:
            print("No books in the library.")
        else:
            print("Books in the library:")
            for book in self.books:
                book.display_info()

# Example usage:
library = Library()
book1 = Book("1984", "George Orwell", 328)
book2 = Book("To Kill a Mockingbird", "Harper Lee", 281)

library.add_book(book1)
library.add_book(book2)
library.list_books()
# Output:
# Added book: 1984
# Added book: To Kill a Mockingbird
# Books in the library:
# Title: 1984, Author: George Orwell, Pages: 328
# Title: To Kill a Mockingbird, Author: Harper Lee, Pages: 281

library.remove_book("1984")
library.list_books()
# Output:
# Removed book: 1984
# Books in the library:
# Title: To Kill a Mockingbird, Author: Harper Lee, Pages: 281

These examples cover several key aspects of OOP:

  • Class Creation: How to define classes and methods.
  • Inheritance: Creating subclasses and overriding methods.
  • Encapsulation: Using private attributes and public methods to control access.
  • Object Interaction: Working with multiple classes and their instances to perform complex tasks.

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