Node.js Punycode

Node.js Punycode

What is Punycode?

Punycode is an encoding syntax used to convert Unicode (UTF-8) strings into basic ASCII characters. This conversion is necessary because traditional hostnames only support ASCII characters. Punycode enables the representation of internationalized domain names (IDN), allowing domain names to include characters from different languages and scripts.

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Let’s understand this with an example:

When you type mañana.com in your browser, the browser (which supports IDNA) first converts it into xn--maana-pta.com using Punycode. This conversion happens because the character ñ is not allowed in regular ASCII domain names.

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Punycode in Node.js

Punycode.js has been included with Node.js v0.6.2 and later versions. However, if you are using an older version of Node.js, you can install the Punycode module manually using npm.

To use it in your Node.js application, you first need to import it using the require() function:

punycode = require('punycode');

1. punycode.decode(string)

The punycode.decode() method converts a Punycode string of ASCII symbols into a string of Unicode symbols.

File: punycode_example1.js

punycode = require('punycode');  
console.log(punycode.decode('maana-pta'));  

Output:

Node.js punycode example 1

2. punycode.encode(string)

The punycode.encode() method performs the opposite action. It converts a string of Unicode symbols into a Punycode string of ASCII symbols.

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File: punycode_example2.js

punycode = require('punycode');  
console.log(punycode.encode('☃-⌘'));  

Output:

Node.js punycode example 2

3. punycode.toASCII(domain)

The punycode.toASCII() method converts a Unicode domain name into Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain are converted, ensuring compatibility with systems that only recognize ASCII domain names.

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File: punycode_example3.js

punycode = require('punycode');  
console.log(punycode.toASCII('mañana.com'));  

Output:

Node.js punycode example 3

4. punycode.toUnicode(domain)

The punycode.toUnicode() method reverses the conversion process. It converts a Punycode domain name back into its Unicode representation. Only the encoded parts of the domain are decoded.

File: punycode_example4.js

punycode = require('punycode');  
console.log(punycode.toUnicode('xn--maana-pta.com'));  

Output:

Node.js punycode example 4

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This encoding system ensures that domain names containing non-ASCII characters can be correctly interpreted and resolved by DNS systems worldwide, allowing web addresses to truly support multiple languages and scripts.

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